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Field Guide to Flies


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DEER FLY/HORSEFLY:

  • Similar in shape and appearance to the common house fly, horse flies are larger (approximately 1 1/8″ long for adults).
  • Deer flies are ¼” to ½” smaller than horse flies, and usually have patterned wings.
  • They may be black, gray or brown in color.
  • Larvae proliferate in water or moist soil.
  • Winged adults emerge in early summer.
  • Adults live only a few days, and eggs are laid on aquatic plants just above water level.
  • Powerful fliers that can travel many miles from breeding sites to find meals.
  • Female deer and horseflies feed on blood from large mammals (although males do not).



 


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HOUSE FLY:
  • Known scientifically as Musca domestica, the most common fly found inside homes.
  • About ¼” long and gray with black stripes on the thorax.
  • No chewing mouthparts, just “sponging” mouthpart for absorbing fluids, such as tears and wound secretions.
  • Breed and produce maggots in moist organic material, such as manure.
  • Found year-round, inside and outside, as long as temperatures are warm.
  • Does not bite.


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STABLE FLY:
  • Resembles the house fly, but with piercing mouthpart to suck blood.
  • Both males and females attack animals around the flanks and below the knees, causing them to stomp or kick.
  • After feeding, flies retreat to fences or other surfaces to digest their meals.
  • Eggs are laid in moist organic matter, such as wet manure or urine-soaked, fermenting straw, hay or feed.
  • Life cycle completed in 21-25 days during warm weather.


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HORN FLY:
  • Small, about 3/16″, and dark gray.
  • Feed by sucking blood from horses and cattle throughout the day, resting continuously on the animal’s shoulders and back.
  • Females lay eggs in fresh cow manure piles.
  • Life cycle completed in 10-14 days.

For information on reducing fly-breeding sites in your region, see “National Defense” in the July 2009 issue of Horse Illustrated.

Further Reading
Insect Control Strategies
Fly Control Resources

Holly Caccamise

Holly Caccamise has been with Horse Illustrated and Young Rider magazines since 2007, and in 2019, she became Editor in Chief of both titles. Caccamise has a master's degree in Animal Science with a specialization in equine nutrition and exercise physiology. She has also worked as a racing magazine ad copywriter and top-level show groom.

View Comments

  • Could you give us some options for controlling flies? Isn't there a plant that repels flies - maybe basil? Will a horse eat basil if you plant it near their stalls? Does putting garlic in their water repel flies from horses?

  • What about control of Bot Flies? I am finding it really hard to keep them away from the horses. I put the hose over the horses on hotter days, or leave the paddock sprinkler on, so they can get under it, at free will, for relief, but is there a better way. Also, ideas for simple removal of "Bot eggs" would be helpful. :) Thanks!

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