The Flying Change Formula

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The Flying Change Formula

Does your horse seem clueless when you ask for a flying lead change? Then you have my sympathy. Whether your riding goals are connected to hunters, reining or other riding sports, few challenges are more frustrating than working with a horse whose flying lead changes are missing in action.

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If flying lead changes have stymied your progress at home or in competition, consider the following tips, flatwork exercises and troubleshooting techniques. Hopefully they’ll help you and your horse find your way to flawless changes.

What Your Horse Needs to Know

Both horse and rider need to possess certain skills in order to perform a successful flying lead change. As a rider, you must be sophisticated enough to know which lead your horse is on without looking down, and be able to use hand and leg aids independently.
You and your horse need to be competent at riding and performing basic lateral movements, including turns on the forehand and leg-yields. You must be able to collect and extend the length of your horse’s canter stride—this is not the same as speeding up and slowing down.

Your horse must be able to track straight from head to tail; flex at the poll in response to pressure from the bit; be supple through the neck, shoulder and ribcage; move laterally away from leg pressure at all gaits; respond to your half-halts by collecting his stride and sitting back on his hindquarters; and balance around turns without falling in.

To really develop your feel and timing as a rider, work with an instructor who can teach you on a schoolmaster. These equine veterans will happily swap leads, but only when properly asked.

10 Tips to Teach the Flying Lead Change

Now that you and your horse are ready, use these schooling suggestions and exercises to help find those elusive flying changes.

1. Always make your session productive. Integrate circles, half-halts, and lateral movements into your routine so your horse becomes comfortable doing something more demanding than simply making laps around the arena.

2. Constantly practice simple lead changes, and don’t rush through them. Focus on a smooth downward transition. Keep your horse tracking straight for a few strides, and then ask for the new lead.

3. On the days you practice jumping or pattern work, use simple changes whenever a lead change is necessary. Don’t mix your swapping struggles into other activities.

4. Introduce the concept of flying lead changes to your horse by cantering a figure-8 pattern with simple changes in the center.

The Figure 8

This is a basic pattern, yet you must use your aids consistently to perform it correctly. Cantering circles on the correct lead and transitioning through the center on a straight line teaches your horse that a new direction requires a new lead. You may start on either lead; this diagram starts to the left.

Begin at the collected trot. This gait keeps your horse on the bit and moving forward with energy.
Use an inside (left) direct rein to tip your horse’s nose to the left. Apply a strong outside (right) leg aid behind the girth so your horse picks up the left lead canter.
Since you’re circling, your horse should maintain a slight bend to the left. Bend his body around your inside (left) leg, which is at the girth. Your outside (right) leg is behind the girth, pressing your horse’s body around the turn.
Half-halt as you enter the center of the pattern, then transition down to the sitting trot.
Ride a straight line. Your horse should not know whether he’s about to go left or right.
It’s time for a canter depart onto the right lead. Tip your horse’s nose to the right so he understands where you want to go, then apply your aids.

Use the figure 8 frequently, but be creative. Vary the number of circles you canter on each lead, and break up the left/right/left/right lead ritual, otherwise your horse will begin to anticipate the changes in direction and leads, and that’s a bad habit to develop.

5. Every horse is more comfortable on one lead than the other. To help your horse become ambidextrous so he’ll eventually swap onto whichever lead you need, canter numerous large circles that are a bit bigger than a longeing circle. First canter to the right several times. After he’s been allowed to walk on a loose rein as a reward, reverse and canter several circles to the left.

6. The serpentine pattern is more advanced than a figure 8. The multiple loops or half-turns force both you and your horse to think faster in order to execute the simple lead changes at the correct time.

The Serpentine Pattern

As its name implies, the serpentine pattern resembles a snake. Like the figure 8, your horse must rely on your aids while he changes directions; he also must remain straight through transitions. The loops or half-turns of the serpentine are much tighter than the circles of a figure 8. Plan your pattern wisely. Too many loops in a small arena will make you and your horse feel rushed. You can begin on either lead; this diagram starts on the right lead.

From an energetic walk, pick up the canter on the right lead. Keep your horse straight from nose to tail.
Half-halt to balance your horse and collect his canter stride so he’s prepared to canter around the first loop.
Don’t simply pull him around the turn with your hand. Press hard against his side with your outside (left) leg to push his body around the turn.
Transition down to a collected trot and ride a straight line. As your horse approaches the arena rail, he may get anxious. Use a half-halt to keep him focused on your aids.
Several strides before you reach the arena rail, ask your horse to canter on the left lead. Don’t rush. Be methodical as you apply the aids.
After a few strides of cantering, it’s time to turn left. Remember: your hand tells the horse which direction to take (left or right), but your outside leg pushes his body around the turn.
Repeat a downward transition to the sitting trot and ride a straight line.
Ask for a canter depart onto the right lead. Continue the exercise through any remaining loops.
Canter the final straight line. If your horse gets strong, half-halt.
Halt at the end of the serpentine pattern.

7. Are you certain your horse travels straight from nose to tail? Have your coach stand on the ground and watch you canter away on a straight line. If your horse is crooked, apply leg pressure behind the girth to press his haunches over and hold them on track. Flying changes require a straight horse.

8. Introduce the half-turn exercise, which requires your horse to canter straight on a diagonal line. Shaped like an ice cream cone, this exercise closely resembles a real-life flying lead change scenario.

The Half-Turn or Ice Cream Cone Pattern

This is the most advanced pattern of the three. Plus, it closely resembles the set-up and execution of a flying lead change. This diagram uses a left to right simple change.

Canter along the rail on the left lead. Make sure your horse is straight and lightly on the bit.
Half-halt to balance your horse and alert him to a change of plan. Simultaneously look to the opposite end of the arena, and choose a focal point on the rail (*) that’s just a few strides from the corner. You’ll direct your horse to canter to this spot.
With your eyes on the focal point, keep cantering and turn left. Push your horse around the turn with your outside (right) leg behind the girth.
Ride toward your focal point on a diagonal approach while still keeping your horse straight.
Press with your right leg to laterally move your horse closer to the rail with each stride.
As you reach your focal point, halt.
After just a moment’s pause, tip your horse’s nose to the right and ask for a canter on the right lead. Be assertive with your outside (left) leg. Canter through the turn, with your horse properly bent in the direction he’s traveling.
Ride a straight line to the next corner of the arena. Repeat the pattern but with a right to left lead change.

9. Since communication is the key to achieving flying changes, what is your horse telling you? If he’s relaxed and compliant through these preparatory exercises, then it’s time to ask for flying lead changes. Revisit the three exercises in the diagrams using the cues listed in No. 10.

10. To go from simple changes to flying changes, all you’re doing is eliminating the trotting portion of the change. The only difference is that you want your horse to remain cantering so he changes his lead “on the fly.” Therefore, when you ask for a flying change, apply your aids just as you did when you asked your horse to depart onto his new lead when you were doing simple changes.

Keep your horse balanced and straight. When you feel in sync with his rhythm, half-halt and tip just his nose toward the new direction, using a direct rein. At the same moment, press your outside leg behind the girth to shift his haunches in the new direction. Don’t kick with your heel, but be emphatic. If you’ve prepared your horse properly you should be rewarded with a flying lead change. Congratulations!

This article originally appeared in the May 2015 issue of Horse Illustrated magazine. Click here to subscribe!

9 years ago

Cindy Hale

Cindy Hale’s life with horses has been filled with variety. As a child she rode western and learned to barrel race. Then she worked as a groom for a show barn, and was taught to harness and drive Welsh ponies. But once she’d taken her first lessons aboard American Saddlebreds she was hooked on English riding. Hunters and hunt seat equitation came next, and she spent decades competing in those divisions on the West Coast. Always seeking to improve her horsemanship, she rode in clinics conducted by world-class riders like George Morris, Kathy Kusner and Anne Kursinski. During that time, her family began raising Thoroughbred and warmblood sport horses, and Cindy experienced the thrills and challenges of training and showing the homebred greenies. Now retired from active competition, she’s a popular judge at local and county-rated open and hunter/jumper shows. She rides recreationally both English and western. Her Paint gelding, Wally, lives at home with her and her non-horsey husband, Ron.

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View Comments

PKL says:
October 4, 2015 at 7:40 am
I sure am thankful for this article explanting lead changes so simple.
Melanie says:
November 1, 2015 at 8:41 am
This is a a great article. I would add that on occasion doing your simple changes through the walk can help discourage a horse from thinking he's meant to trot his lead changes.